Journal
Checked your vocab list up to star
notes on Meiosis II AND genetic diversity
Good chunk of class time to start/finish your HW
HW:
meiosis ws
vocab list up to box
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
Monday 3-19-10
Journal
Notes on Meiosis
HW:
Read and highlight your reference sheetMi and MII to prep for next class's lecture
Fill in the voabulary list up to the star
Notes on Meiosis
HW:
Read and highlight your reference sheetMi and MII to prep for next class's lecture
Fill in the voabulary list up to the star
Wednesday, March 17, 2010
Practice Test Answers!!!!!!!
The Cell Cycle Practice Test 2009-10
1) The centromere is a region in which
A) chromatids are attached to one another.
B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned.
C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase.
D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis.
E) new spindle microtubules form.
Answer: A
2) What is a chromatid?
A) a chromosome in G1 of the cell cycle
B) a replicated chromosome
C) a chromosome found outside the nucleus
D) a special region that holds two centromeres together
E) another name for the chromosomes found in genetics
Answer: B
3) What is the name for the special region on a duplicated chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together?
A) centrosome
B) centromere
C) kinetochore
D) desmosome
E) microtubule organizer region
Answer: B
4) Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? REMEMBER the first cell has to divide to make 2 new cells, that is the first division!!!!
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64
Answer: D
5) If there are 20 chromosome arranged into 10 chromatid sets in a cell, how many centromeres are there?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 80
Answer: A
6) Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Mitosis produces new nuclei with exactly the same amount of DNA as the parent nucleus.
B) Mitosis may occur before cytokinesis.
C) Mitosis and cytokinesis are required for reproduction of non sex cells.
D) All cells come from a preexisting cell.
E) prokaryotes under go mitosis.
Answer: E
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
The lettered circle in Figure 12.1 shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes. There are two different pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. The chromosomes in the unlettered circle have not yet replicated because the cell is in G1 when this image was taken. Choose the correct chromosomal conditions for the following stages.
Figure 12.1
7) one daughter nucleus at telophase of mitosis
Answer: E
8) one daughter cell at prophase
B
The questions below refer to the following terms. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. telophase
B. anaphase
C. prometaphase
D. metaphase
E. prophase
9) Two centrosomes are arranged at opposite poles of the cell.
Answer: C
10) Centrioles begin to move apart in animal cells.
Answer: E
11) This is the longest of the mitotic stages.
Answer: D
12) Centromeres uncouple, sister chromatids are separated, and the two new chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Answer: B
13) If cells in the process of dividing are subjected to colchicine, a drug that interferes with the functioning of the spindle apparatus fully forming, which stage will mitosis be stuck?
A) anaphase
B) prophase
C) telophase
D) metaphase
E) interphase
Answer: D
14) A cell containing 92 individual chromatids (HINT think WHAT is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome?) at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei containing how many chromosomes?
A) 12
B) 16
C) 23
D) 46
E) 92
Answer: D
Figure 12.2
15) If the cell whose nuclear material is shown in Figure 12.2 continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next? First, THINK what stage of mitosis this cell is in and proceed from there!
A) cell membrane synthesis
B) spindle fiber formation
C) nuclear envelope breakdown
D) formation of telophase nuclei
E) synthesis of chromatids
Answer: D
16) All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except
A) the centrioles start to move toward opposite poles.
B) the nucleolus starts to disintegrate
C) the nuclear envelope starts to disappear.
D) chromosomes are duplicated.
E) the spindle is fully organized.
Answer: D
17) If there are 20 centromeres in a cell at the start of anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 80
Answer: B
18) If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 80
Answer: A
19) Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells?
A) centromere
B) centrosome
C) centriole
D) chromatid
E) kinetochore
Answer: B
20) All of the following occur during the mitosis part of the cell cycle except the
A) condensing of chromosomes.
B) uncoupling of chromatids at the centromere.
C) formation of a spindle.
D) synthesis of DNA.
E) disappearance of the nucleolus.
Answer: D
21) Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with…I love this question!
A) a single large nucleus.
B) high concentrations of actin and myosin.
C) two abnormally small nuclei.
D) two nuclei.
E) two nuclei but with half the amount of DNA.
Answer: D
22) How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
A) The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and/or half the amount of DNA.
B) The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and/or half the amount of DNA.
C) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and/or half the amount of DNA.
D) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and/or the same amount of DNA.
E) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and/or twice the amount of DNA.
Answer: D
23) The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell What kind of cell is this?
A) an animal cell in metaphase
B) an animal cell in telophase
C) an animal cell undergoing cytokinesis
D) a plant cell in metaphase
E) a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis
Answer: E
24) Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells?
A) kinetochores
B) Golgi-derived vesicles
C) actin and myosin
D) centrioles and basal bodies
E) cyclin-dependent kinases
Answer: B
25) Which of the following organisms does not reproduce cells by mitosis and cytokinesis?
A) cow
B) bacteria
C) Christmas tree…oh Christmas tree….
D) cockroach …EEK!
E) banana tree…NOW I know why monkey’s climb trees!
Answer: B
26) Chromosomes first become visible during ________ of mitosis.
A) prometaphase
B) telophase
C) prophase
D) metaphase
E) anaphase
Answer: C
27) The correct sequence of steps in the M phase of the cell cycle is
A) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
B) prophase, metaphase, prometaphase, anaphase, telophase.
C) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
E) cytokinesis, telophase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase.
Answer: C
28) During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids?
A) from interphase through anaphase
B) from G1 of interphase through metaphase
C) from metaphase through telophase
D) from anaphase through telophase
E) from G2 of interphase through metaphase
Answer: E
29) Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that…see this is why you should never do drugs! It messes up the cell cycle and you know what that means…CANCER!!!!!!
A) reduces cyclin concentrations.
B) increases cyclin concentrations.
C) prevents elongation of microtubules.
D) prevents shortening of microtubules.
E) prevents attachment of the microtubules to the kinetochore.
Answer: D
30) Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle was the nucleus with 6 picograms of DNA?...this is such a good thinker question…isn’t biology so much fun!
A) G0
B) G1
C) S
D) G2
E) M
Answer: D
31) A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 8 picograms (a really small measurement) of DNA per nucleus.
Those cells would have ________ picograms at the end of the S phase and ________ picograms at the end of G2….oh another thinker!!!!! SO much fun!
A) 8; 8
B) 8; 16
C) 16; 8
D) 16; 16
E) 12; 16
Answer: D
32) The billions of somatic cells that were made from a single-celled zygote divide by which process?
A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) replication
D) cytokinesis alone
E) binary fission
Answer: B
33) Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip (oh wait you did!). The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis?
A) telophase
B) prophase
C) anaphase
D) metaphase
E) prometaphase
Answer: D
34) If human cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will
A) move directly into telophase.
B) complete the cycle and divide.
C) exit the cycle and switch to a nondividing state.
D) show a drop in MPF concentration.
E) complete cytokinesis and form new cell walls.
Answer: B
35) Cells that are in a nondividing state are (arrested) in which phase?
A) G0
B) G2
C) G1
D) S
E) M
Answer: A
The following questions consist of five phrases or sentences related to the control of cell division. For each one, select the term below that is most closely related to it. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. Cyclin Dependant Kinase
B. MPF
C. cyclin
D. ATP
36) a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase
C
37) a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become active
Answer: A
38) triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis
Answer: B
The questions below consist of five phrases or sentences concerned with the cell cycle. For each one, select the answer below that is most closely related to it. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A. G0
B. G1
C. S
D. G2
E. M
39) The all cells must past through this phase regardless if they will continue into mitosis or stay arrested in the non-dividing state
Answer: B
40) Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase.
Answer: A
41) the shortest part of the cell cycle
Answer: E
42) DNA is replicated at this time of the cell cycle.
Answer: C
43) The cyclin component of an MPF molecule is destroyed toward the end of this phase.
Answer: E
The following questions are based on Figure 12.3. This diagram is showing you the amount of DNA at any given point within two different cell cycles.
Figure 12.3
44) In the figure above, the mitosis portion of the cell cycle is represented by which number?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
Answer: D
45) The G1 phase of the cell cycle is represented by which number(s)?
A) I and V
B) II and IV
C) III
D) IV
E) V
Answer: A
46) Which number represents the point in the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are replicated?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
Answer: B
47) Proteins that are involved in turning the cell cycle on and/or off , and that show fluctuations in their concentration during the cell cycle, are called
A) ATPases.
B) kinetochores.
C) centrioles.
D) proton pumps.
E) cyclins.
Answer: E
48) The MPF protein complex turns itself off (thus turning the cell cycle off) by
A) activating a process that destroys cyclin.
B) activating an enzyme that stimulates cyclin.
C) binding to chromatin.
D) exiting the cell.
E) activating the anaphase-promoting complex.
Answer: A
49) Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells?
A) They lack density-dependent inhibition.
B) When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle.
C) They overlook normal molecules that control the cell cycle
D) B and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
50) Nucleoli are present during
A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) prometaphase.
D) metaphase.
E) anaphase.
Answer: A
51) Chromosomes become visible during
A) metaphase.
B) prophase.
C) interphase.
D) prometaphase.
E) anaphase.
Answer: B
52) Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during
A) metaphase.
B) prometaphase.
C) interphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.
Answer: B
53) During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of
A) four different types of chromosomes and two chromatids.
B) two different types of chromosomes and two chromatids.
C) two different types of chromosomes and four chromatids.
D) one different type of chromosome and two chromatids.
E) one different type of chromosome and four chromatids.
Answer: C
54) Which of these is not a carcinogen?
A) testosterone
B) cigarette smoke
C) UV light
D) fat
E) All of the above are carcinogens.
Answer: E
55. Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and 40% DNA. The name of this protein-complex is called
A. a histone complex
B. chromatin
C. a histamine complex
D. a chromatid
E. a centromere
56. If a eukaryotic cell has a single chromosome in a karyotype place holder, it is called
A. haploid
B. diploid
C. polypoid
D. Double dipolid
57. The physical map of the organization of chromosomes is called
A. ecotype
B. a haplotype
C. a karyotype
D. a phenotype
E. a genotype
58. By the end of this phase of mitosis, the centromere joining each pair of sister chromatids is attached by microtubules to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. This phase is called
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
E. interphase
59. The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called
A. DNA replication
B. mitosis
C. cytokinesis
D. binary fission
E. syngamy
60. The number of chromosomes characteristic of eukaryotes, in general,
A. can usually be determined without the use of a microscope
B. can usually be predicted from the size of the organism
C. change as the organisms grow and age
D. vary considerably from 2 to l00s in different species
E. vary depending on the type of the cell in the same organism
61. In the human, the body cells (non-sex cells) contain two sets of chromosomes in each “place holder” of a karyotype totaling ___________ total chromosomes which is the diploid number
A. 2
B. 22
C. 44
D. 46
E. 23
62. Before cell division of the body cells, each homologue replicates into two parts. These parts are connected by a centromere and are called
A. sister chromatids
B. daughter chromatids
C. sister chromosomes
D. daughter chromosomes
E. genes
63. Which of the following sequence of cell-cycle phases is characteristic of eukaryotes?
A. G to S to M
B. G1 to S to G2 to M to C
C. S to M to C
D. G1 to G2 to S to C
64. The phase of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is
A. G1
B. S
C. M
D. C
65. The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visibly shorter and thicker is
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. prophase
E. telophase
66. The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle during
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. prophase
E. telophase
67. The framework of microtubules that appears in cell division which eventually moves the chromatids apart is called the
A. aster
B. cell plate
C. centriole
D. spindle apparatus
E. centromere
68. The attachment of what molecules is critical for the proper separation of sister chromatids?
A. chromosomes
B. asters
C. microtubules
D. cyclins
E. protein kinases
69. Microtubules become shorter, pulling chromatids to the ends of the spindle, during
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. prophase
E. telophase
70. Which of the following is essentially the reverse of prophase?
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
E. cytokinesis
71. Animal cells typically achieve cytokinesis by
A. binary fission
B. forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell
C. forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two
D. chromosome condensation
E. chromosome elongation
72. Plant cells typically achieve cytokinesis by
A. binary fission
B. forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell
C. forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two
D. chromosome condensation
E. chromosome elongation
73. The three checkpoints for eukaryotic cell cycle control are found in
A. cytokinesis
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
E. in a, b, and c
74. Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called
A. meiosis
B. mitosis
C. binary fission
D. cytokinesis
E. syngamy
75. Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells is called
A. meiosis
B. mitosis
C. binary fission
D. cytokinesis
E. syngamy
76. A cell biologist is conducting a karyotype procedure on alligator red blood cells. Exactly what does this mean?
A. It means that red blood cells from the alligator will be examined with a microscope and the nuclei will be counted.
B. It means that red blood cells from the alligator will be examined using restriction enzymes to count the number of centromeres that are present on the chromosomes.
C. It means that chromosomes from the red blood cells of the alligator will be examined with a microscope, photographed, counted, lined up with their respective homologous partner, and displayed.
D. It means that chromosomes from the red blood cells of the alligator will be examined with a microscope to determine the amount of hemoglobin present.
.
77. Chromosomes have centromeres and when chromosomes are replicated they are called sister chromatids. Which statement is accurate?
A. In humans somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes and thus 46 centromeres. When replicated there are 92 sister chromatids and 92 centromeres.
B. In humans somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes and thus 46 centromeres. When replicated there are 92 sister chromatids and 23 centromeres.
C. In humans somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes and thus 46 centromeres. When replicated there are 92 sister chromatids and 46 centromeres.
D. In humans somatic cells there are 23 chromosomes and thus 23 centromeres. When replicated there are 46 sister chromatids and 46 centromeres.
E. In humans there are 23 chromosomes and thus 46 centromeres. When replicated there are 46 sister chromatids and 92 centromeres.
78. Cytokinesis occurs right after
A. prophase
B. G1
C. G2
D. anaphase
E. telophase
79. All of the following phases occur during interphase of the cell cycle except:
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
80. If a somatic cell has 32 chromosomes prior to S and undergoes mitosis followed by cytokinesis, each new daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?
A. 64
B. 32
C. 16
D. 8
Match each of the following (a letter may be used more than once or not at all).
| _____A. Cytoplasmic organelles are partitioned equally between two daughter cells. | 81. G1 |
| _____B. Hereditary information is partitioned equally between two daughter cells. | 82. S Answer C |
| _____C. Duplicate copy of the hereditary information is made. | 83. G2 |
| _____D. Chromosomes are readily visible under the microscope | 84. M Answer B, D |
| . | 85. C answer A |
| | |
End of Practice Test! Make sure to look over your cancer computer activity!
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